Wednesday, 4 August 2010

Getting the A* Grade - not just for the rich.

Imagine that you are a state educated kid. You’re about to start your final year of secondary school, and thus your GCSE exam year. For almost your entire life you have heard around the place that going to university is the only way to improve your life. Stats from HESA indicate that 88.5% of entrants to universities in the UK are from state schools and colleges. Encouraging stuff.

You know that you don’t have to go to university, but you want to. So you choose a college and start you’re A-levels. You then read this:

‘Universities could turn away increased numbers of state school pupils from the poorest backgrounds as a number of elite institutions begin asking for the new A* grade at A-level, the government's watchdog on fair access to higher education has warned.

Sir Martin Harris, director of the government's Office for Fair Access, said the new grade could strengthen private schools' hold on elite universities.’ The Guardian, Monday 2 August 2010.

What does this mean for you now? You still want to go to uni so do you work any less? No. According to the HESA stats you are still likely to get into university only now you are trying to get 90% of your marks rather than 80%. More difficult? Certainly. Should you therefore give up? Certainly not.

It has long been argued that asking for AAA entry requirements may be too difficult for some state educated pupils to achieve. Before the election Lord Mandelson was reportedly looking at reducing the entry requirements for ‘poorer kids’. But HESA’s stats seem to indicate that state educated’s need no favoritism.

Kate Purcell, who led the research at the Warwick Institute for Employment Research, prepared a paper for HECSU which argues that there is "a public and professional need for a more precise taxonomy of universities". "The tariff points required... are generally indicative of the comparative status of the institutions and the competition to enter them," it adds. So entry requirements are constantly evolving, Kate argues, is the A* A-level requirement the next necessary step in the evolution of the system?

In the Tweet conversation that inspired this blog, Martin Hughes (@universityboy) and Newell Hampson-Jones (@NHJ_HE) both agree that beneath Sir Martin’s concern for widening participation is an even greater problem waiting to explode within the sector: what comes next? When students are getting three A*’s how will the system cater to the increased demand? All three of us agree, that a fundamental reform of the current A-level system is desperately needed, something I think is very nicely highlighted by Reform’s paper ‘A New Level.’

Sally Hunt, general secretary of the University and College Union (UCU), said in The Guardian in April: "Students from poorer backgrounds do often need more support in terms of mentoring as well as financial support at university. Research has shown students from state schools outperform their independent-schooled contemporaries when they reach university. It is absolutely vital that students are not priced out of university by any new measures from the forthcoming fees review."

Provided that the financial situation is communicated effectively as not being a barrier to HE, I believe that state educated students are more than capable of overcoming any hurdles between them and their goal provided that they are bright enough. They conquered the A grade. They can conquer the A*. We should really have more faith in them.

16 comments:

Mario Creatura said...

Twitter debate surrounding this topic – Tuesday 3 August 2010:

# Mario Creatura MarioCreatura
Rubbish! Blog to follow: RT @universityboy: Fears for state pupils as top universities insist on A* at A-level - http://bit.ly/btmTA7

# Martin Hughes universityboy
@MarioCreatura A-level grades in isolation are not an issue. Fair to request A* IMO. But bigger picture of how grades are achieved is issue. 7:53 AM Aug 3rd via TweetDeck in reply to MarioCreatura

# Martin Hughes universityboy
@MarioCreatura Link between education and higher education is still far too weak. This is a big deal. A better gel would help reduce fears. 7:55 AM Aug 3rd via TweetDeck in reply to MarioCreatura

# Mario Creatura MarioCreatura
@universityboy Sorry, disagree. This works on the assumption that state education provides less able students. 8:13 AM Aug 3rd via TweetDeck
# Martin Hughes universityboy

@MarioCreatura No it doesn't, it works on the assumption that equally able students are not always granted the same level of guidance. 8:15 AM Aug 3rd via TweetDeck in reply to MarioCreatura

# Mario Creatura MarioCreatura
@universityboy State educated students conquered the A grade. If they want to succeed then they'll get the A*. Tue Aug 3 08:17:28 2010 via TweetDeck in reply to universityboy

# Mario Creatura MarioCreatura
@universityboy Society sets the standard and if they really want to go to uni then they'll reach it. Tue Aug 3 08:18:27 2010 via TweetDeck in reply to universityboy
# Martin Hughes universityboy

@MarioCreatura So you think widening participation has done its job & all is well? Tue Aug 3 08:21:38 2010 via TweetDeck in reply to MarioCreatura

# Martin Hughes universityboy
@MarioCreatura "If they really want to go to uni then they'll reach it" = too simplistic, tho' I look forward to your expanded blog post! :) Tue Aug 3 08:23:09 2010 via TweetDeck in reply to MarioCreatura

# Mario Creatura MarioCreatura
@universityboy @NHJ_HE This is in danger of turning into a TweetConvo. Very bad etiquette I've learned. Tue Aug 3 08:34:03 2010 via TweetDeck

Mario Creatura said...

# Martin Hughes universityboy
@MarioCreatura Is that a distinguished way of saying, "I'm not talking to you any more. Ner-ner-NER!" ;) (@NHJ_HE) Tue Aug 3 08:35:55 2010 via TweetDeck in reply to MarioCreatura

# Mario Creatura MarioCreatura
@universityboy @NHJ_HE Distinguished? Why thank you... Tue Aug 3 08:37:12 2010 via TweetDeck

# Newell Hampson-Jones NHJ_HE
@MarioCreatura @universityboy bad etiquette not to join the debate! ;) Tue Aug 3 08:39:26 2010 via SocialScope in reply to MarioCreatura

# di nutt dixxyD
@MarioCreatura @universityboy @nhj_he but the tweetconvo not uninteresting - Hard not to join in! Tue Aug 3 08:39:31 2010 via Twitter for iPhone in reply to MarioCreatura

# Mario Creatura MarioCreatura
@ NHJ_HE @universityboy State education is excellent. If you have the drive to get to university then you will - nothing will stop you. Tue Aug 3 08:41:46 2010 via TweetDeck

# Mario Creatura MarioCreatura
@NHJ_HE See last tweet that didn't get sent to you by accident - rogue space! Tue Aug 3 08:42:16 2010 via TweetDeck

# Mario Creatura MarioCreatura
@NHJ_HE @universityboy When the A-level was first created the very same convo was happening 'Poor/state kids can't achieve it' Tue Aug 3 08:43:05 2010 via TweetDeck

# Mario Creatura MarioCreatura
@NHJ_HE @universityboy 'Let's make it easier for the simpletons to get into uni'. They conquered the A-level, they can conquer the A*. Tue Aug 3 08:43:44 2010 via TweetDeck

# Mario Creatura MarioCreatura
@NHJ_HE @universityboy The worst thing we can do is differentiate between rich and poor. Treat them equally and have access based on merit. Tue Aug 3 08:44:36 2010 via TweetDeck

# Mario Creatura MarioCreatura
@dixxyD Why not get involved then? I think we should create a hastag... ;) @universityboy @NHJ_HE #A*Fear Tue Aug 3 08:45:18 2010 via TweetDeck in reply to dixxyD

# Martin Hughes universityboy
@MarioCreatura "Have access based on merit" - Give all students the 'training for exams' as @NHJ_HE mentions, or change system entirely? Tue Aug 3 08:47:16 2010 via TweetDeck in reply to MarioCreatura

# Martin Hughes universityboy
@MarioCreatura What about when A* doesn't do enough to distinguish? A** perhaps? (@NHJ_HE @dixxyD) Tue Aug 3 08:48:12 2010 via TweetDeck in reply to MarioCreatura

# Mario Creatura MarioCreatura
@NHJ_HE @universityboy Students should be taught, not taught how to pass exam. But that is a very tangental argument isn't it? Tue Aug 3 08:48:16 2010 via TweetDeck

# Mario Creatura MarioCreatura
@NHJ_HE @universityboy Touche. In the short term this is a good differentiator. Hopefully the 'tangential' debate will commence soon. Tue Aug 3 08:49:06 2010 via TweetDeck

# NHJ_HE
@MarioCreatura @universityboy oh I agree! Our assessments are awful tho. Too systemic & beatable. Tue Aug 3 08:49:34 2010 via SocialScope in reply to MarioCreatura

Mario Creatura said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
DixxyD said...

I agree that there is a patronising perspective behind some of the comments made in current public debates about the A* (which Is one of the things I think you are suggesting in your blog). Like you, I am disturbed by the implication that 'state pupils can't cut it'. I also support your comments on the need to reform the A level. For me, the problem with the A* debate is both broader and deeper than it first appears. I think the issue is broader because the debate focuses the measure of potential success on one flawed tool. We need to be radical and think about how we measure potential for success in new ways, not by using a higher grade in an already disputed assessment method. I see the issue as deeper, because schooling, in the literal sense, is only part of the issue. We need to be more sophisticated in our understanding about the conditions in which people are trying to learn. 94GroupResearch retweeted an article from TES about poorer state school kids and the challenge of studying http://bit.ly/cNJ3WR (it highlights the difficulties of: lack of parental knowledge about education, and sometimes lack of parental interest; living and studying in run down overcrowded conditions; drug dealers on the doorstep; kids' 'class' cultures in and outside the classroom etc etc). David Gillborn - one of the keynotes at a recent HE Academy Conference on BME student attainment, 'Meeting the Challenge' - highlighted some of the misconceptions about 'bright'ness and ability and the real barriers to education and achievement for BME learners in schools (and universities). Gillborn's work generally is worth a look in this regard. A vital question in this 'debate' about entry requirements, then, is: why should some kids have to work against significant odds to get an A* while other kids achieve their grades with the backing of knowledgable, supportive parents, private tutoring, tailored teaching, in a cultural space and place where studying is normalised? Should university learning really be more easily accessed by those whose ride has already been smoother? To him and her, who has, will come more, I guess. How we measure qualifications for HE entry may really be a red herring.

Martin - TheUniversityBlog said...

There is danger in saying that state educated students "conquered the A grade". This, in itself, doesn't make sense. Just because 88.5% of entrants to UK universities come from a state background doesn't mean they got in with A grades.

Whether or not state school students "outperform their independent-schooled contemporaries when they reach university", there are many within the state school system who will not find out. This has nothing to do with lack of ability. As DixxyD says, some work against the odds and 'conquer' the A grade. Yet many fail to conquer, no matter how much they wish to be at a particular university. You are mistaking getting into any university with achieving an A grade or an A* grade.

If state school pupils had conquered the A grade as dynamically as you say, there should not be such discrepency at Oxbridge, Bristol, Imperial, KCL, LSE, and UCL, "where less than 5% of the intake came from 'low participation neighbourhoods'".

At the young age we are talking about here, it is misguided to say that state educated students are more than capable of overcoming any hurdles provided they are bright enough. Whatever 'bright' is, a young person requires more support than their own (potential) ability. If you are not made aware of what to do or how to do something, you can be as 'bright' or 'accomplished' or 'clever' or 'amazing' or 'wonderful' or 'commendable' as they come. Sheer ability and potential is no guarantee of success. That is a big reason why the discrepency exists.

Didn't get an A*? They obviously didn't try hard enough. Didn't make the grade? They obviously aren't bright enough. -- That is neither reasonable, nor is it reality.

Students in state schools are no different to students in independent schools, but the way they are taught and the resources they have access to can be wildly different. I have every faith in state school pupils, which is why I wish to see more done regarding widening participation. It is also why I feel the argument here is too simplistic.

Mario Creatura said...

A simplistic argument doesn’t necessarily discount the accuracy of the statement. If one state educated student can get an A or A* grade, with the current resources provided in an atmosphere of state education, then what other variable is left to stop others achieving the same goal?

Resources should be relatively equal in all state schools and the opportunities to progress on to university (should the student wish to) are the same – familial/personal attitudes and intelligence are the only probable* variables in this situation.

The number of available bursaries and scholarships has soared in Britain in the last few years (OFFA claim £344m) so finances are not theoretically a hurdle. They only become a hurdle if the perception of universities being expensive is inaccurate.

Universities need to deepen access, not widen it. Anyone has the opportunity to get into any university should they wish to. Ancient personal prejudices still apply to the interview process, and that is a real shame, but aside from preaching to admissions tutors about what they should think little can be done. In terms of entry requirements there are no barriers.

Nothing stops students but themselves. Be it through their own ability or mentality. The HE sector has spent so long attempting to encourage people to go to university that they have started to look more like careers advisors than centres for academic excellence.

Can they be both? Possibly. Can they be both without sacrificing resources? Impossible. If specialisation is the way forward for the sector, with some institutions choosing teaching and some choosing research, then can it afford to act at the parents of the students?

This question, and I feel this entire debate, cannot be solved until the sector/government decides the answer to the recurring question: what is a University for?

If it is to create well-rounded human beings for the world of work, then HE is in danger of turning into the same ilk as compulsory state education: the goal being to give citizens a good grounding in life. If the goal of a university is to further the sum of human knowledge through innovation and research with students learning from researchers – then it cannot waste time worrying about the mindset of the A-level student.

University is open to all those with the tenacity and intelligence to complete the entry process. University should not be foisted onto those that don’t know what to do with their lives. University is not the answer to all of life’s ills. The sooner we realise this, the sooner public respect and for our institutions and quality of education will increase.

Mario Creatura said...

*I say probable simply because I am open minded to other arguments but as of yet have not been convinced.

Mario Creatura said...

As a short aside, we really must stop interfering in other levels of education.

Explain to schools what universities are for, and how you can progress to them - certainly.

Tell Colleges/Schools what they should be teaching and how they should be moulding our young breed? Certainly not.

I believe Universities are places where an ethos of research exists, and students are allowed to question and learn from the researchers. If Universities are places where teachers teach, then it is not a university, it is a school and should be treated as a seperate type of organisation.

nhj said...

Wow...a lot here and to be honest I've been very busy this week so unable to really read up on any supporting research for my points, so they will be mainly ideological.

Firstly, the figure 88.5% going in to education. I agree with what Martin said, but I have another question regarding this. There are obviously more state school students than private school students, which means this stat cannot be weighted any other way than favourably for this argument. Surely a better argument would be to look at what percentage of private school students went to university and compare that with what percentage of state education moved to university. Then, in both areas, compare the grades. If anything, there is the chance that they could still prove Mario right.

I think we need to have a very wide ranging and open debate on education in this country. Exams are not, like Michael Gove thinks, an effective assessment tool. In my experience, private schools you are taught how to pass the exams and not necessarily how to think freely. I found free thinking was encouraged more in state schools, but even then the spectre of exams restricted that aspect as well.

I have to ask what purpose do exams serve? I agree in many areas they are useful, like Maths and some aspects of Science, but why on Earth do we use exams for English Lit? Why History? One could even argue why Economics or Business Studies? By placing exams at the heart of these areas, we restrict free thought and innovation. This, in turn, means that sociologically we have fewer radical blue sky thinkers. Perhaps this is also a factor as to why we see so many stories of successful innovators who did poorly at school?

We spend too much time worrying about benchmarking learning so that we can quantify something that is mainly qualitative that I think we sometimes forget what the spirit of learning is.

Martin - TheUniversityBlog said...

I wish there was reality in your idealistic view of there being no variables involved in stopping everyone reaching the same goal. I'm not even going to further argue this point. If my sheer amazement doesn't give you reason to rethink this, absolutely no type of argument will change your view.

I know you say you are open minded and simply yet to be convinced, but that open-mindedness may be coming from too fixed a perspective, such as your own past or something of personal relevance to you.

Rather than fail to convince you, I simply suggest that you try to view the debate from other perspectives. Remember the age, wildly different backgrounds, and lack of life experience of those we are talking about. You may have achieved exactly what you put your mind to and much of the hard work may well have come solely from yourself. However, if you don't think other variables were in play, you won't accept any alternative reasoning.

You may have been the same age and lacked just as much life experience, but that doesn't automatically put you on a level playing field. I'm pointing out the sheer scope of the variables in play rather than suggesting the variables are limited. It is practically impossible for anyone to understand why they achieved when someone else failed (and vice versa). Because this is not simplistic, that is why I questioned the accuracy of your statement.

Whether we 'deepen' or 'widen' access, I wasn't debating meaning. Call it what you will. I'm pretty sure our views don't differ a great deal here.

I agree that universities should not be places where teachers teach. This isn't about questioning the relevance of a teaching-focused institution. It is about ensuring that students are not told what to learn and given the answers required to pass. You're right that this may well be creeping up in places and I also share your concern. By all means substitute 'creeping up' for something more dynamic if you wish! ;)

You state that students are allowed to question and learn from researchers within a university. Rightly so. But how many students are suitably equipped in that transition between Sixth Form/College and undergraduate education? I say the answer is not enough, and other academics have agreed with me.

If higher education should back off from other levels of education (I neither agree nor disagree with this right now), at what stage should students be given the tools for transition? Bear in mind that transition won't occur overnight.

Mario Creatura said...

Psychology is a wonderful example of a circular subject. No psychologist will ever turn around and say that they have 'prooven' something - it is subject to too many ill defined variables. Examinations are the same, you could have revised for month and memorised every possible scenario of questioning - but something as little as what you ate the night before, how much sleep you got etc. - could affect your memory/performance on the day. Sort of feeds into Newell's discussion of the purpose of examinations as an assessment tool.

I think a possible compromise would be to work on the discussion around whether or not students should be 'given' the tools for transition at all. I'm serious, could this be the differentiating criteria that Universities are so desperately in need of?

Arguably there was a time when HE was a sink-or-swim mentality. This comes back to the degree structure argument. Most 1st year courses are currently designed to give the student a good grounding in the subject, it's the time to make mistakes, learn how to write degree level discourses and start examining your academic potential.

Is the first year of university where we should be preparing students? Or should it be before? The 'transition' that Martin mentions currently happens in the first year of University!

If we want A-levels to mean something, then is the solution (tentatively used here) to make the transition more definitive during A-level? What if students at A-level don't intend to go to university? 'What are A-levels for?'.

We could be here for the rest of eternity!

Mario Creatura said...

NB: My suggestion that variables can be ignored in this situation is due to an understanding that as there are so many possible influences it would be nigh on impossible to come up with a grand-unified theory to widen access entirely.

There were whole load of 'barriers' in my way personally: comprehensive educated, lack of finances, no relatives/family friends in HE before me, little parental understanding etc. Yet the variables that made up my life enabled me to go for it. I have no idea what those variables conclusively are. Defining them is an impossible task.

If I can't define what made me choose university - then how can any university?

If universities interfere in the 'levelling of the playing field' then it is guilty of social engineering. I may not know what a university is for, but I'm pretty sure it isn't about consciously engineering a 'perfect' society.

University is not the solution to the ills of society. Not everyone should go. Everyone should have the opportunity, and I believe that universities are doing a good job to achieve this. Should they do more, possibly. How much more should they do? Widening Access only goes so far before it becomes social engineering. Which is just plain wrong.

Martin - TheUniversityBlog said...

The first year of university SHOULD be the transition year. It often isn't, because not enough awareness is given. There is still a mentality amongst a number of students who let the first year go academically because it 'doesn't count' and 'makes no difference'.

This from people who actually wanted and fought hard to get into higher education. It doesn't matter whose fault it is. I treated my first year with great respect. I get the feeling you did too, Mario. If some students fail to grasp that, is it automatically their fault or are other variables lacking too? Also, what does that mean for 2-year degrees and other possible changes/additions in the sector?

Decisions are certainly up to individuals, especially as they enter 'adulthood' (in the "I'm over eighteen" sense of the word), but I don't believe proper guidance is akin to 'spoonfeeding' and 'mollycoddling'. To spoonfeed is to tell someone what to do. Guidance is about presenting the options, giving people a grounding to understand how the options could work for them, and giving them enough insight to make their own, reasoned decision.

I maintain there needs to be a lot more guidance.

You're right that everyone should have the opportunity to go to university. I also believe that, in general, institutions are rising to the challenge of making that a reality. However, does everyone have the same opportunity? Not as far as I can see.

In many ways, I think the unequal opportunity is not caused so much by the universities. I know you talk of minor variables that can cause issues 'on the day', but there are enough major variables such as the school you attend and the level of choice available within an area. These major variables play a huge role. That is why you cannot rely on how 'bright' and 'hard working' an individual is to get them a place at university, especially at a prestigious institution. You may well like to think all state schools are relatively equal, but that's absurd.

Mario Creatura said...

Guidance is needed. I agree. If only to define what the sector is to itself.

The danger lies in the grey area between guidance and creating a generation that is dependent on being led through higher education.

The major variables are ones that universities should be wary of getting involved in. Quality of education relies on so many things. These require large societal changes; behavioural shifts is attitude to education.

No university can change that. It is difficult enough protecting Higher Education, let alone the rest as well. We can't do everything.

Mario Creatura said...

The BBC has just revealed stats for today's A-level results: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11012369

'Students from independent schools were proportionately more likely to get an A*.

They took some 30% of A*s awarded, although they make up only 14% of entries, the AQA examining board said.

Candidates from comprehensive schools, which are responsible for 43% of A-level entries, gained 30% of the A* grades awarded.'

So proportionately more independent students received A*'s, but in terms of hard numbers comprehensive students received more. 'Some 30%' vs. '30%'.

Mario Creatura said...

BBC report on A* aspirations: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-10794867

'High-achieving students themselves seem positive about the new benchmark grade, which gives them a chance to prove their star quality.

"It does put quite a lot of pressure on, but you're stressed for exams anyway," says Amy.

And Hamint Madhan, a student at St Francis Xavier College in south London, who is aiming for an A*, welcomes the new distinction - even if it does add to the pressure.

"It is extra work, you have to cover yourself all round," says Hamint.

"I do think it's a good idea - an A* makes you want to strive for higher academic achievement."

Very wise words from a non-independent student.